Key Journals
Ambio: http://www.ambio.kva.se/ (accessed 5 May 2007)
Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics: http://ecolsys.annualreviews.org (Accessed 5 May 2007)
Annual Review of Entomology: http://ento.annualreviews.org (accessed 5 May 2007)
BioScience: http://www.aibs.org/bioscience (Accessed 5 May 2007)
Conservation Biology: http://conbio.net/scb/Publications/ConsBio (accessed 5 May 2007)
Ecology: http://www.esajournals.org/esaonline/?request=index-html (Accessed 5 May 2007)
Economic Entomology: http://www.entsoc.org/pubs/periodicals/jee/index.htm (Accessed 5 May 2007)
Journal of Apicultural Research incorporating Bee World: http://www.ibra.org.uk (Accessed 5 May 2007)
Nature: http://www.nature.com/nature (Accessed 5 May 2007)
Some of the Key Players
Bat Conservation International
- P.O. Box 162603, Austin, TX 78716 • (512) 327-9721 • email: batinfo@nullbatcon.org • http://www.batcon.org (Accessed 5 May 2007)
Center for Plant Conservation
National Fish and Wildlife Foundation
- 1120 Connecticut Ave. NW, Suite 900, Washington, DC 20036 • (202) 857-0166 • http://www.nfwf.org (Accessed 5 May 2007)
North American Pollinator Protection Campaign
Plant Conservation Initiative – Bureau of Land Management
Pollinator Conervation Consortium – Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum
- 2021 North Kinney Road, Tuscon, AZ 85743 • (520) 833-2702 • email: info@nulldesertmuseum.orgg • http://www.desertmuseum.org/pollination/introduction.php (Accessed 5 May 2007)
Society for Ecological Restoration
Sonoran Arthropod Studies Institute
- 2114 W. Grant Road, #39, Tucson, AZ 85745 • (520) 883-3945 • email: Members@nullSASIonline.org • http://www.sasionline.org (Accessed 5 May 2007)
US Department of Agriculture
- 14th & Independence Ave. SW. Washington, D.C. 20250 • http://www.usda.gov (Accessed 5 May 2007)
The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation
- 4828 SE Hawthorne Boulevard, Portland, OR 97215 • (503) 232-6639 • email: info@nullxerces.org • http://www.xerces.org (Accessed 5 May 2007)
Some Researchers in the Field
Coro Arizmendi, Laboratorio de Ecologia, UNAM, Mexico
John Ascher, American Museum of Natural History
Judith Bronstein, University of Arizona
Jim Cane, USDA-ARS Bee Biology and Systematics Laboratory
Sarah Corbet, University of Cambridge, UK
Brian Danforth, Cornell University
Ben Darvill, University of Stirling, UK
Thomas Emmel, University of Florida
Gordon Frankie, University of California, Berkeley
David Goulson, University of Southampton, UK
Rogel Villaneuva Gutierrez, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Mexico
David Inouye, University of Maryland
Steve Javorek, Agriculture Canada, Kentsville, Nova Scotia
Carol Kearns, University of Colorado-Boulder
Peter Kevan, University of Guelph, Canada
Claire Kremen, University of California, Berkeley
Gretchen LeBuhn, San Francisco State University
Rodrigo Medellin, Instituto de Ecologia, UNAM, Mexico
Jane Memmott, Uniersity of Bristol, UK
Charles Michener, University of Kansas
Juliet Osborne, Rothamsted Research, UK
Christopher O’Toole, University of Cambridge, UK
Laurence Packer, York University, Canada
David Paton, University of Adelaide, Australia
Simon Potts, University of Reading, UK
David Roubik, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama
Jerry Rozen, Jr., American Museum of Natural History
Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter, University of Goettingen, Germany
Orley “Chip” Taylor, University of Kansas
Vincent Tepedino, USDA-ARS Bee Biology Lab, Utah State University
Jeremy Thomas, Centre for Hydrology and Ecology, UK
James Thomson, University of Toronto, Canada
Robbin Thorp, University of California, Davis
Teja Tscharntke, University of Goettingen, Germany
Nickolas Waser, University of California, Riverside
Neal Williams, Bryn Mawr College
Selected Key Publications
Allen-Wardell, G., et al. 1998. The potential consequences of pollinator declines on the conservation of biodiversity and stability of food crop yields. Conservation Biology 12: 8–17.
Barth, F. 1985. Insects and Flowers: The Biology of a Partnership. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Buchmann, S.L., and G.P. Nabhan. 1996. The Forgotten Pollinators. Washington, DC: Island Press.
Butz Huryn, V.M. 1997. Ecological impacts of introduced honey bees. The Quarterly Review of Biology 72(3): 275–297.
Kearns, C.A., D.W. Inouye, and N. Waser. 1998. Endangered mutualisms: the conservation of plant-pollinator interactions. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 29: 83–112.
Kearns, C.A., and D. Inouye. 1997. Pollinators, flowering plants and conservation biology. BioScience 47: 297–397.
Matheson, A., S.L. Buchmann, C. O’Toole, P. Westrich, and I.H. Williams (Eds). 1996. The Conservation of Bees. London: Academic Press.
Nabhan, G.P., and S.L. Buchmann. 1997. Services provided by pollinators. In: Daily, G. (Ed). Nature’s Services. Washington, DC: Island Press. pp. 133–150.
NRC. National Research Council. 2006. Status of Pollinators in North America. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
Southwick, E.E., and L. Southwick, Jr. 1992. Estimating the economic value of honey bees as agricultural pollinators in the United States. Economic Entomology 85(3): 621–633.
Selected Key Websites
Bat Conservation International, http://www.batcon.org (Accessed 5 May 2007)
- Practical guidance about protecting and providing habitat for bats.
Operation Ruby Throat, http://www.rubythroat.org (Accessed 5 May 2007)
- Information about the biology and conservation of hummingbirds.
Pollinator Partnership, http://www.pollinator.org (accessed 5 May 2007)
- A significant collection of information and conservation resources for many different land uses. A project of the North American Pollinator Protection Campaign.
USDA-ARS Pollinating Insect- Biology, Management, Systematics Research http://www.LoganBeeLab.usu.edu (Accessed 5 May 2007)
- Focuses primarily on pollinator research with bees, and their importance to agriculture.
The National Biological Information Infrastructure (NBII), http://pollinators.nbii.gov/portal/server.pt (Accessed 5 May 2007)
- Provides access to information on the biology, ecology, conservation status, and threats to native pollinators, pollinator-dependent species, and pollinator habitats in the United States and abroad. Developed in partnership with the Ecological Society of America.
US Fish & Wildlife Service,
http://www.fws.gov/pollinators (Accessed 5 May 2007)
- General facts about pollinators, with good information about the threat and impact of pesticides.
The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation, http://www.xerces.org (Accessed 5 May 2007)
- Extensive resources and information materials on protecting pollinator insects and providing habitat in many land uses types, including farms, golf courses, parks, natural areas, and gardens.
Books, Articles, and Reports
Allen-Wardell, G. et al. 1998. The potential consequences of pollinator declines on the conservation of biodiversity and stability of food crop yields. Conservation Biology 12: 8–17.
Banack, S.A. 1998. Diet selection and resource use by flying foxes (Genus Pteropus). Ecology 79(6): 1949–1967.
Barth, F. 1985. Insects and Flowers: The Biology of a Partnership. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Bond, W.J. 1995. Assessing the risk of plant extinction due to pollinator and disperser failure. In: Lawton, J.G., and R. M. May (Eds). Extinction Rates. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 131–143.
Bond, W.J. 1994. Do mutualisms matter? Assessing the impact of pollinator and disperser disruption on plant extinction. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B 344: 83–90.
Bronstein, J.L. 1994. The plant-pollinator landscape. In: Hansson, L., I. Fahrig, and G. Merriam (Eds). Mosaic Landscapes and Ecological Processes. London, UK: Chapman and Hall. pp. 256–288.
Buchmann, S.L. 1996. Competition between honey bees and native bees in the Sonoran Desert and global bee conservation issues. In: Matheson, A., C. O’Toole, S. Buchmann, P. Westrick, and I. Williams (Eds). The Conservation of Bees. New York: Academic Press. pp. 125–142.
Buchmann, S.L., and G.P. Nabhan. 1996. The Forgotten Pollinators. Washington, DC: Island Press.
Burd, M. 1994. Bateman’s principle and plant reproduction: the role of pollen limitation in fruit and seed set. Botanical Review 60(1): 83–112.
Burger, W.C. 1981. Why are there so many flowering plants? BioScience 31(8): 572–580.
Butz Huryn, V.M. 1997. Ecological impacts of introduced honey bees. The Quarterly Review of Biology 72(3): 275–297.
Cane, J.H. 1997. Lifetime monetary value of individual pollinators: the bee Habropoda laboriosa at rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade). Acta Horticulturae 446: 67–70.
Corbet, S. 1996. Which bees do plants need? In: Matheson, A., C. O’Toole, S. Buchmann, P. Westrick, and I. Williams (Eds). The Conservation of Bees. New York: Academic Press. pp. 105–113.
Corbet, S., I.H. Williams, J.L. Osborne 1991. Bees and the pollination of crops and wild flowers in the European Community. Bee World 72: 47–59.
Costanza, R., and C. Folke. 1997. Valuing ecosystem services with efficiency, fairness and sustainability as goals. In: Daily, G. (Ed). Nature’s Services. Washington DC: Island Press. pp. 49–68.
Eardley, C., D. Roth, J. Clarke, S. Buchmann, and B. Gemmill (Eds). 2006. Pollinators and Pollination. A resource Book for Policy and Practice. African Pollinators Initiative, Pretoria, South Africa. 77 pp.
Faegri, K., and L. van der Pijl. 1971. The Principles of Pollination Ecology. Oxford, UK: Pergamon Press.
Fleming, T. 1993. Plant-visiting bats. American Scientist 81: 460–467.
Folke, C., C. Perrings, J.A. McNeely, N. Myers. 1993. Biodiversity conservation with a human face: ecology, economics and policy. Ambio 22(2–3): 62–63.
Free, J.B. 1993. Insect Pollination of Crops. London, UK: Academic Press.
Fujita, M.S., and M. Tuttle. 1991. Flying foxes: threatened animals of key ecological and economic importance. Conservation Biology 5(4): 455–461.
Goulson, D. 2003. Conserving wild bees for crop pollination. Food, Agriculture & Environment 1(1): 142-144.
Goulson, D. 2003. Bumblebees. Behaviour and Ecology. Oxford University Press.
Groom, M.J. 1998. Allee effects limit population viability of an annual plant. American Naturalist 151(6): 487–496.
Gross, C.L., and D. Mackay. 1998. Honeybees reduce fitness in the pioneer shrub Melastoma affine (Melastomataceae). Biological Conservation 86: 169–178.
Hammond, P.C., and J.C. Miller. 1998. Comparison of the biodiversity of Lepidoptera within three forested ecosystems. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 91(3): 323–328.
Hill, J.K., C.D. Thomas, R. Fox, M.G. Telfer, S.G. Willis, J. Asher, and B. Huntley. 2002. Responses of butterflies to twentieth century climate warming: implications for future ranges. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B 269:2163-2171.
Hubbell, S. 1997. Trouble with honey bees. Natural History 5/97: 32–43.
Ingram, M., G.P. Nabhan, S.L. Buchmann. 1996. Ten Essential Reasons to Protect the Birds and the Bees: How an Impending Pollination Crisis Threatens Plants and the Food on Your Table. Forgotten Pollinators Campaign. Tucson, AZ: Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum.
Janzen, D.H. 1979. How to be a fig. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 10: 13–51.
Johansen, C.A. 1977. Pesticides and pollinators. Annual Review of Entomology 22: 177–192.
Johansen, C.A., and D.F. Mayer. 1990. Pollinator Protection. Cheshire, CT: Wicwas Press.
Kearns, C.A. 2001. North American dipteran pollinators: assessing their value and conservation status. Conservation Ecology 5(1):5. http://www.consecol.org/vol5/iss1/art5 (Accessed May 5 2007).
Kearns, C.A., D.W. Inouye, and N. Waser. 1998. Endangered mutualisms: the conservation of plant-pollinator interactions. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 29: 83–112.
Kearns, C.A., and D.W. Inouye. 1993. Techniques for Pollination Biologists. Niwot, CO: University Press of Colorado.
Kearns, C.A., and D. Inouye. 1997. Pollinators, flowering plants and conservation biology. BioScience 47: 297–397.
Klein, A.M., B.E. Vaissiere, J.H. Cane, I. Steffan-Dewenter, S.A. Cunningham, C. Kremen, and T. Tscharntke. 2007. Importance of pollinators in changing landscapes for world crops. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B 274: 303-313.
Kevan, P.G. 1991. Pollination: Keystone process in sustainable global productivity. Acta Horticulturae 288: 103–109.
Kevan, P.G. 1975. Pollination and environmental conservation. Environmental Conservation 2(4): 293–297.
Kremen, C., N.M. Williams, R.L. Bugg, J.P. Fay, and R.W. Thorp. 2004. The area requirements of an ecosystem service: crop pollination by native bee communities in California. Ecology Letters 7: 1109-1119.
Kremen, C., N.M. Williams, and R.W. Thorp. 2002. Crop pollination from native bees at risk from agricultural intensification. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99(26): 16812-16816.
Kunzmann, M.R., et al. 1995. Africanized bees in North America. In: LaRoe, E.T., G.S. Farris, C.E. Puckett, P.D. Doran, and M.J. Mac. (Eds). Our Living Resources. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Biological Service. pp. 448-451.
Losey, J.E., and M. Vaughan. 2006. The economic value of ecological services provided by insects. BioScience 56(4): 311-323.
Matheson, A., S.L. Buchmann, C. O’Toole, P. Westrich, and I. H. Williams (Eds). 1996. The Conservation of Bees. New York, NY: Academic Press.
McFrederick, Q.S., and G. LeBuhn. 2006. Are urban parks refuges for bumble bees Bombus spp. (Hymenoptera: Apidae)? Biological Conservation 129:372-382.
Myers, N. 1993. Biodiversity and the precautionary principle. Ambio 22(2–3): 74–79.
Nabhan, G.P., and S.L. Buchmann. 1997. Services provided by pollinators. In: Daily, G. (Ed). Nature’s Services. Washington DC: Island Press. pp.133–150.
Nabhan, G.P. 1996. Pollinator Redbook Vol. 1: Global List of Threatened Vertebrate Wildlife Species Serving as Pollinators for Crops and Wild Plants. Tuscon, AZ: Arizona-Sonoran Desert Museum.
Nabhan, G.P. and T. Fleming. 1993. The conservation of New World mutualisms. Conservation Biology 7(3): 457–459.
Nason, J.D., E. Allen Herre, and J.L. Hamrick. 1998. The breeding structure of a tropical keystone plant resource. Nature 391: 685–687.
NRC. National Research Council. 2006. Status of Pollinators in North America. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
Osborne, J.L., I.H. Williams, and S.A. Corbet. 1991. Bees, pollination and habitat change in the European community. Bee World 72: 99–119.
Parmesan, C., N. Ryrholm, C. Stefanescu, J.K. Hill, C.D. Thomas, H. Descimon, B. Huntley, L. Kaila, J. Kullberg, T. Tammaru, W.J. Tennent, J.A. Thomas, M. Warren.1999. Poleward shifts in geographical ranges of butterfly species associated with regional warming. Nature 399: 579–583.
Peterson, S.S., C.R. Baird, and R.M. Bitner. 1992. Current status of the alfalfa leafcutting bee, Megachile rotundata, as a pollinator of alfalfa seed. Bee Science 2: 135–142.
Prescott-Allen, C., and R. Prescott-Allen 1986. The First Resource: Wild Species in the North American Economy. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Procter, M., P. Yeo, and A. Lack. 1996. The Natural History of Pollination. Portland, OR: Timber Press. 487 pp.
Pratt, N.C., and A.M. Peters. 1995. Pollination: the art and science of floral sexuality. Zoogoer 24(4).
Pywell, R.F., E.A. Warman, C. Carvell, T.H. Sparks, L.V. Dicks, D. Bennett, A. Wright, C.N.R. Critchley, and A. Sherwood. 2005. Providing foraging resources for bumblebees in intensively farmed landscapes. Biological Conservation 121: 479-494.
Rathcke, B.J. and E.S. Jules. 1993. Habitat fragmentation and plant-pollinator interactions. Current Science 65(3): 273–277.
Reid, W.V. 2001. Capturing the Value of Ecosystem Services to Protect Biodiversity. In: Hollowell V.C. (Ed). Managing Human-Dominated Ecosystems: Proceedings of the Symposium at the Missouri Botanical Garden. Saint Louis, MO: Missouri Botanical Garden Press. pp. 197–225.
Ren, D. 1998. Flower-associated Brachycera flies as fossil evidence for Jurassic angiosperm origins. Science 280: 85–88.
Ricketts, T.H., G.C. Daily, P.R. Ehrlich, and J.P. Fay. 2001. Countryside biogeography of moths in a fragmented landscape: biodiversity in native and agricultural habitats. Conservation Biology 15:378-388.
Riedl, H., E. Johansen, L. Brewer, and J. Barbour. 2006. How to Reduce Bee Poisoning From Pesticides. Pacific Northwest Extension Publication 591. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. 28 pp.
Roubik, D.W. 1983. Experimental community studies: time-series tests of competition between African and Neotropical bees. Ecology 64(5): 971–978.
Russell, K.N., H. Ikerd, and S. Droege. 2005. The potential conservation value of unmowed powerline strips for native bees. Biological Conservation 124(1): 133-148.
Rusterholz, H.P., and A. Erhardt. 1998. Effects of elevated CO2 on flowering phenology and nectar production of nectar plants important to butterflies of calcareous grasslands. Oecologia 113: 341–349.
Shepherd, M., S.L. Buchmann, M. Vaughan, and S.H. Black. 2003. Pollinator Conservation Handbook. A Guide to Understanding, Protecting, and Providing Habitat for Native Pollinator Insects. Portland, OR: Xerces Society. 145 pp.
Shepherd, M.D., D.M. Vaughan, and S.H. Black (Eds). 2995. Red List of Pollinator Insects of North America. CD-ROM Version 1. Portland, OR: The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation.
Shuler, R.E., T.H. Roulston, and G.E. Farris. 2005. Farming practices influence wild pollinator populations on squash and pumpkin. Journal of Economic Entomology 98(3): 790-795.
Siebert, J.W. 1980. Beekeeping, pollination and externalities in California agriculture. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 62(2): 165–171.
Smith, T.B., L.A. Freed, J.K. Lepson, J.H. Carothers. 1995. Evolutionary consequences of extinctions in populations of a Hawaiian honeycreeper. Conservation Biology 9(1): 107–113.
Southwick, E.E., and L. Southwick Jr. 1992. Estimating the economic value of honey bees as agricultural pollinators in the United States. Economic Entomology 85(3): 621–633.
Steffan-Dewenter, I. 2003. Importance of habitat area and landscape context for species richness of bees and wasps in fragmented orchard meadows. Conservation Biology 17: 1036-1044.
Steffan-Dewenter, I., S.G. Potts, and L. Packer. 2005. Pollinator diversity and crop pollination services are at risk. Trends in Evolution and Ecology 20(12): 651-652.
Strickler, K., and J.H. Cane (Eds). 2003. For Non-Native Crops, Whence Pollinators of the Future? Lanham, MD: Entomological Society of America.
Stubbs, C.S., and F.A. Drummond (Eds). 2001. Bees and Crop Pollination — Crisis, Crossroads, and Conservation. Lanham, MD: Entomological Society of America. 156 pp.
Sugden, E.A. 1985. Pollinators of Astragalus monoensis Barneby (Fabaceae): new host records; potential impact of sheep grazing. Great Basin Naturalist 45: 299–312.
Thomas, J.A., N.A.D. Bourn, R.T. Clark, K.E. Stewart, D.J. Simcox, G.S. Pearman, R. Curtis, and B. Goodger. 2001. The quality and isolation of habitat patches both determine where butterflies persist in fragmented landscapes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B 268: 1791-1796
Torchio, P.F. 1991. Bees as crop pollinators and the role of solitary species in changing environments. Acta Horticulturae 288: 49–61.
Visscher, P.K., and T.D. Seeley. 1982. Foraging strategy of honeybee colonies in a temperate deciduous forest. Ecology 63(6): 1790–1801.
Walter, K.S., and H.J. Gillett (Eds). 1997. IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants. Gland, Switzerland: The World Conservation Union.
Wantanabe, M.E. 1994. Pollination worries rise as honey bees decline. Science 265: 1170.
Waser, N.M. 1998. Pollination, angiosperm speciation, and the nature of species boundaries. Oikos 81(2): 198–201.
Wiebes, J.T. 1979. Co-evolution of figs and their insect pollinators. Annual Review of Ecology and Systemmatics 10: 1–12.
Withgott, J. 1999. Pollination migrates to top of conservation agenda. BioScience 49(11): 857-862.
Woodier, O. 1998. How to protect our imperiled pollinators. National Wildlife 36(2): 36–46.
Resource Websites
Environmental Protection Agency, http://www.epa.gov (Accessed 5 May 2007)
Endangered Species Act, http://www.epa.gov/region5/defs/html/esa.htm (Accessed 5 May 2007)
Endangered Species Protection Program, http://www.epa.gov/espp (Accessed 5 May 2007)
Federal, Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, http://www.epa.gov/region5/defs/html/fifra.htm (Accessed 5 May 2007)
The National Biological Information Infrastructure, http://pollinators.nbii.gov/portal/server.pt (Accessed 5 May 2007)
Smithsonian Institute, National Zoological Park – Pollinarium Exhibit, http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Animals/Invertebrates/Pollinarium/default.cfm (Accessed 5 May 2007)
US Department of Agriculture, http://www.usda.gov (Accessed 25 May 2007)
USDA-ARS Pollinating Insect- Biology, Management, Systematics Research http://www.LoganBeeLab.usu.edu (Accessed 5 May 2007)
Backyard Conservation Campaign, http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/FEATURE/backyard (Accessed 5 May 2007)
Conservation Reserve Program, http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/programs/crp (Accessed 5 May 2007)
National Conservation Buffer Initiative, http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/feature/buffers (Accessed 5 May 2007)
Wildlife Habitat Incentives Program, http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Programs/whip (Accessed 5 May 2007)
US Department of Interior, http://www.doi.gov (Accessed 5 May 2007)
Land and Water Conservation Fund, http://www.ncrc.nps.gov/lwcf (Accessed 5 May 2007)
US Fish & Wildlife Service, http://www.fws.gov (Accessed 5 May 2007)
Endangered Species Act, http://endangered.fws.gov/esa.html (Accessed 5 May 2007)
Endangered Species List, http://ecos.fws.gov/tess_public/Boxscore.do (Accessed 5 May 2007)
Pesticide Page, http://contaminants.fws.gov/Issues/Pesticides.cfm (Accessed 5 May 2007)
Pesticide Recommendations, http://www.fws.gov/contaminants/Issues/PollinatorsRecommend.cfm (Accessed 5 May 2007)
Pollinator Page, http://www.fws.gov/pollinators (Accessed 20 October 2007)
Revised May 2007.
Reference as: Ecological Society of America. 2008. Communicating Ecosystem Services Pollination Toolkit: Pollination Resources. Updated January 10, 2008.Online at www.esa.org/ecoservices